UNIT 6 JOB ANALYSIS
Objectives
After going through this unit, you should be able to understand:
l the concept of job analysis and its significance to the organisations,
l the different methods of collecting information for job analysis, and
l job-anlaysis and its relationship vis-a-vis job description and job specification.
Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Job Analysis
6.3 Some Considerations
6.4 Method of Collecting Information
6.5 Job Analysis: Process
6.6 Steps in the Job Analysis Process
6.7 Job Description
6.8 Design of Job Description
6.9 Uses of Job Description
6.10 Job Specification
6.11 Summary
6.12 Self-Assessment Questions
6.13 Further Readings
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Organisation is described as a rational coordination of the activities of employees
through division of labour, responsibility, authority and accountability. Built in this
description is the realisation that organisations perform a series of activities and that
to perform these activities different kinds of skills are required. Each activity carries
its own set of responsibilities and the employees are given appropriate authority to
perform these activities. Not only this, they are also accountable to the organisation
through their immediate supervisors for accomplishing these activities according to
specifications. Hence, a clear understanding of what they are supposed to do becomes
a pre- requisite for effective utilisation of organisational resources. Job analysis helps
us to achieve this objective.
6.2 JOB ANALYSIS
There exists a wide range of job evaluation methods. The choice of an evaluation
method is dependent on the number and kind of jobs to be evaluated, the cost of the
operation, available resources, the degree of precision required and the organisations’
environments- both internal and external. However, whatever be the chosen method,
systematic gathering and analysis of information about jobs is a prerequisite. The job
analysis process involves gathering of such information.
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Approaches to
Analysing Job
Job analysis is the process by which data, with regard to each job, is systematically
observed and noted. It provides information about the nature of the job and the
characteristics or qualifications that are desirable in the jobholder. The data from job
analysis could be used for a variety of purposes. The job analysis study attempts to
provide information in seven basic areas:
1. Job Identification or its title, including the code number, if any.
2. Distinctive or significant characteristics of the job, its location setting, supervision,
union jurisdiction, and hazards and discomforts, if any.
3. What the typical worker does: Specific operations and tasks that make up the
assignment, and their relative timing and importance; the simplicity, the routine,
or complexity of tasks, responsibility for others, for property, or for funds.
4. What materials and equipment the worker uses: Metals, plastics, grain, yarns;
and lathes, milling machines, electronic ignition testers, corn huskers, punch
presses, and micrometers are illustrative.
5. How the job is performed: The emphasis here is on the nature of operations, and
may specify such operations as handling, feeding, removing, drilling, driving,
setting up, and many others.
6. Required personnel attributes: Experience, training apprenticeship, physical
strength, coordination or dexterity, physical demands, mental capabilities,
aptitudes, and social skills are some attributes.
7. The conditions under which the work is performed: Working conditions and
work environments is a major contributing factor in the performance of the job,
and the satisfaction of the employee. A dimly highlighted, poorly ventilated and
crowded place of work hampers efficiency. The workers are forced to spend
more energy to accomplish tasks, which they can do, in much lesser efforts in
otherwise conditions. Poor working conditions have been found to cause greater
fatigue, negligence, absenteeism, indiscipline and insubordination among the
employees.
Each of these piece of information is essential; it is not sufficient to merely list a
series of tasks or duties, because each piece of information is used in determining the
level of work and responsibility and the knowledge, skill and abilities needed to
perform them to an acceptable level of proficiency.
The process of assembling and recording information on such essential
characteristics of jobs is known as job analysis. In other words, jobs are subjected to
analysis to find out precisely what the duties, responsibilities, working environment
and other requirements of a job are and to present these in a clear, concise and
systematic way. Job analysis should be undertaken by trained job analyst working in
close collaboration with managers and jobholders.
Before proceeding further, certain terms used in job analysis and related stages in the
job evaluation process need to be clarified.
Element: The smallest unit into which work can be divided.
Task: A distinct identifiable work activity, which comprises a logical, and
necessary step in the performance of a job.
Duty: A significant segment of the work performed in a job, usually
comprising several tasks.
Post (or): One or more duties, which require the services or activities of one
worker for their performance;
Job: A group of posts that are identical or involve substantially similar tasks.
Occupation: A group of jobs similar in terms of the knowledge, skills, abilities,
training and work experience required by workers for their successful
performance.
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Job Analysis 6.3 SOME CONSIDERATIONS
Job analysis might give the impression that while identifying components of job, we
are looking at everything that concerns the job. However, in analysing the job,
following considerations must be kept in mind:
1. Job analysis is not a one-time activity. Jobs are changing continuously. What
was a job yesterday is not the same job today and would not remain the same in
future. These changes are caused by changing technology, competition, changing
profile of the workforce, changing expectations of end users and a host of
other factors. Hence, analysis must be continuously done to update the nature of
job.
2. The Job and not the person—an important consideration in job analysis is
conducted of the job and not of the person. While job analysis data may be
collect from incumbents through interviews or questionnaires, the product of the
analysis is a description or specifications of the job, not a description of the
person doing the job.
3. All activities relating to job analysis give us only the minimum requirements of
the job. No analysis can identify either the ultimate or full and complete requirements.
What it does is simply highlights what are minimum activities that are
entailed in a job. The reason is simple. No one can foresee the final outcome
because of changes taking place in the nature of job.
6.4 METHOD OF COLLECTING INFORMATION
There are several ways in which information about a job can be collected. In order to
have a full understanding of the job contents, a number of sources should be
explored. By and large, the following sources are generally used.In all the following
three methods, verification of the information collected from the holder of the job is
necessary. Very often, while collecting information people tend to describe those
aspects of the job that they are not doing or would like to do. Hence, after the
information has been collected from the employee, an interview with immediate
supervisor must be conducted to verify the authenticity of the information.
1. Job Questionnaire
To make a start, a job questionnaire could be administered to all concerned
employees asking them about the job, its various components, time spent on each of
them, and so forth. The completed questionnaire could be given to the supervisors for
their comments. In some cases, job-reviewing committees are formed, consisting of
union representatives and specialists from the personnel, work-study, or industrial
engineering department.The questionnaire has the following advantages:
1. First of all, it is the most cost effective method, since it can elicit information
from a wide number of workers and their immediate superiors in a relatively
short period of time. The main task of the analyst becomes one of planning the
questionnaire well and checking the responses provided.
2. Secondly, workers take an active part in completing the questionnaire providing
intimate detailed knowledge of their jobs, which is not available elsewhere.
3. Thirdly, the questionnaire has to be structured in advance, and this facilitates the
processing of the results.
4. In some cases, once the responses to the questionnaire have been verified, they
can conveniently be used with little further processing to prepare a job
description.
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Approaches to
Analysing Job
The questionnaire method however has the following disadvantages:
1. To start with, the people required to complete it must have a certain level of
education; and even then, questions may be interpreted in different ways so that
the answers may be beside the point.
2. Furthermore, not everyone is able to describe fully and exactly the task that
constitute their job. One may, for example, over-emphasise some features of it
and completely ignore others when they are important.
3. There is less risk of this with a detailed questionnaire that includes a checklist of
points, questionnaire suited to all jobs is not easily drawn up and may be unduly
long.
In practice, while a well-structured questionnaire can get essential information
quickly, it is virtually impossible to get complete comparable information solely by
questionnaire, and this method is generally used in combination with interviews and
direct observation.
2. Interview
In practice, an interview is almost always necessary in order to obtain precise,
complete and comparable information. The interview conducted by the analyst is an
effective way of checking on the information already available on job. The analyst
asks the jobholders questions on the duties and main tasks of their job, generally
working from a previously prepared list of questions as with a questionnaire. After
the interview, the analyst draws up a report, which is shown, to the jobholder and his
immediate superior for their approval. The analyst usually drafts the report in the
form of a job description, which effectively speeds up the preparatory work of job
evaluation.
Following are some of the disadvantages of this method:
1. Interviews are time consuming. At least an hour or two may be necessary for
each case, plus the time spent by the analyst in drawing up his report and by the
jobholder and his immediate superior in checking it. In a large enterprise a team
of analysts would be necessary.
2. The main difficulty of the interview lies in finding high quality analysts who
can win the jobholder’s confidence. As has been noted, “ too many imagine
interviewing to be relatively simple whereas nothing could be farther from the
truth.” Obtaining information from a jobholder about his job is difficult.
3. Many workers show a natural distrust of the analyst who comes to examine their
work, while others will give a lot of information, much of it useless. It is
accordingly essential to have a well trained and experienced team of analysts if
the interview is to be the only method used.
However interview has some advantages:
1. Interview does provide in- depth information, which cannot be achieved through
any other method.
2. It also helps in collecting data about tasks that are not part of the job and yet the
jobholder has to do it.
3. At the same time it can also help in finding ways and means to simplify some of
the operations involved in the job.
3. Observation
For jobs of a simple and repetitive nature, the observation technique could provide
adequate information on the job being performed. A clear picture may be obtained
regarding the working conditions, equipment used, and skills required. Although all
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jobs could be usefully observed, this technique alone is not enough for more complex Job Analysis
jobs, especially those that have many components or interactions.
Some advantages of this method are:
1. It is most suitable for simple and repetitive jobs.
2. Direct observation by the analyst can clear up points left unclear by other
methods.
At the same time, some of the disadvantages of this method are:
1. The presence of analyst causes stress. The workers may dislike being observed.
2. The jobholders may purposely reduce the pace of activity to justify overtime.
3. Observation cannot be a suitable method where the job calls for considerable
personal judgment and intellectual ability.
4. It may not take into account all the tasks in a work cycle stretched over a week
or a month.
4. Independent observers
In addition to the employees themselves providing information about the jobs they
are doing, trained observers could also be used to supplement the employees’ data
and to discover inadequate performance in “ crucial tasks”, which would lead to job
failure.
In addition there are some not so often used method of job analysis. Some of them
are presented here:
1. Diary: One or more incumbents are asked to keep a diary of duties noting the
frequency of the tasks performed. These diaries then become the basis for doing
job analysis.
2. Critical incidents: Ask one or more incumbents to brainstorm (if there is only
one person you will have to participate in the brain storming) about critical
incidents that happen routinely and infrequently while working. Separate these
into two lists. Generate one list of incidents indicating good or excellent performance
and one, which indicates poor performance. This approach is excellent
for determining training and selection strategies. The results lend themself to
meeting discrimination complaints concerning selection choices where the
person chosen clearly possesses the skill and knowledge to perform the most
critical duties indicating success on the job. The analyst will have to extrapolate
a list of duties to be performed from the incidents.
3. Photo tape recording of job performance: This is a good approach because it
can be watched over and over again to perform analysis and because it can be
pulled out later to re-evaluate. Having such a tape is excellent source for
undertaking job analysis.
4. Review of records: Records of work such as maintenance requests is reviewed
and a list of requested repairs is made. In this situation it is important to take
representative samples so that seasonal variations in work requests do not
mislead. This is a good approach for such jobs as mechanic or electrician. The
kinds of repairs being performed and, thus, the duties being performed most
often can be itemized. However, this approach could also be used for computer
programming and computer trouble-shooting jobs in which incumbents have
records of work requests or work competed.
The data to be gathered by all these methods is dependent in large part on the purpose
the analysis is to be put to. Information about training needs requires information
about the transaction of the work so that the trainer can determine the critical skills
and knowledge that must be improved. Selection decisions require the same
information usually on a broader scale. A lot of information can be inferred from
well-written task statements.
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Approaches to
Analysing Job
Some of the examples of the kind of data, which can be gathered for job analysis, are
given below.
l List of tasks
l List of decisions made
l Indication of results if decisions are not made properly
l Amount of supervision received
l Supervision exercised
l Kind of personnel supervised
l Diversity of functions performed by supervised staff
l Interactions with other staff (description of the staff interacted with)
l Physical conditions
l Physical requirements (For instance how heavy are the objects that are lifted.
How much stooping and bending is conducted and under what conditions)
l Software used
l Programming language used
l Computer platform used
l Interpersonal contacts with outsiders (customers)
l Interpersonal persuasive skills or sales skills
l Amounts of mental or psychical stress
l Necessity to work as a team member
l Needed contributions to a work group
l Authority or judgment exercised
l Customer service skills
Generally, it is preferable to use a combination of several methods to get information
about the job. One method could well supplement the other, where the objective is to
gain as much information as possible about the job, the crucial tasks, and the
essential qualifications required to perform them satisfactorily. An objective data
gatherer would avoid introducing his own ideas, and also avoid describing the
employees performing the job, rather than the “job” itself, for many of the
employee’s personal traits may have little or no relevance to the job.
6.5 JOB ANALYSIS: PROCESS
To be meaningful and useful for personnel related decision-making, job analysis must
be carried more at frequent intervals. Jobs in the past were considered to be static and
were designed on the basis that they would not change. While people working on
these jobs were different, the jobs remained unchanged. It is now realised, that for
higher efficiency and productivity, jobs must change according to the employees who
carry them out. Some of the major reasons leading such change are:
Technological Change: The pace of change in technology necessitates changes in the
nature of job as well as the skills required. Word processing has drastically changed
the nature of secretarial jobs. Computerization and automation likewise give rise to
new requirements of certain jobs while older requirements become redundant.
Union- Management Agreements: The agreements entered between management and
the union can bring about change in the nature of job, duties and responsibilities. For
example, under employees participation scheme, the workers are encouraged to
accept wider responsibilities.
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People: Human beings are not robots; each employee brings with him his own Job Analysis
strengths and weaknesses, his own style of handling a job and his own aptitude.
There is a saying that the job is what the incumbent makes of it.
Thus, the job analysis process must take into account the changing nature of job on
account of the factors listed above. Often, role analysis techniques are used in dealing
with the dynamic nature of job requirements.
6.6 STEPS IN THE JOB ANALYSIS PROCESS
The major steps to be followed in carrying out job analysis in an on-going
organization are given below:
1. Organization Analysis: The first step is to get an overall view of various jobs in
the organisation with a view to examine the linkages between jobs and the
organisational objectives, interrelationships among the jobs, and the contribution
of various jobs towards achieving organisational efficiency and effectiveness.
The organisation chart and the work flow or process charts constitute an
important source of information for the purpose.
2. Uses of Job Analysis Information: Depending on organisational priorities and
constraints, it is desirable to develop clarity regarding the possible uses of the
information pertaining to job analysis. In the previous pages it has been already
indicated that such information could be utilised practically for all personnel
functions. Nevertheless, it is important to focus on a few priority activities in
which the job analysis information could be used.
3. Selection of Jobs for Analysis: Carrying out job- analysis is a time- consuming
and costly process. It is, therefore, desirable to select a representative sample of
jobs for purposes of analysis.
4. Collection of Data: Data will have to be collected on the characteristics of job,
the required behaviour and personal attributes needed to do the job effectively.
Several techniques for job analysis are available. Care needs to be taken to use
only such techniques, which are acceptable and reliable in the existing situation
within the organisation.
5. Preparation of Job Description: The information collected in the previous step
is used in preparing a job description for the job highlighting major tasks,
duties, and responsibilities for effective job performance.
6. Preparation of Job Specification: Likewise, the information gathered in step (4)
is also used to prepare the job specification for a job highlighting the personal
attributes required in terms of education, training, aptitude and experience to
fulfil the job description.
Job Analysis thus carried out provides basic inputs to the design of jobs so that it is
able to meet the requirements of both the organization (in terms of efficiency and
productivity) as well as the employees (in terms of job satisfaction and need
fulfilment). Developing appropriate job design is then the outcome of the job analysis
process.
The most important use of job analysis is to produce a basic job description of what
the job is to facilitate basic human resource problem solving. The second is to
provide employees and supervisors with a basic description of jobs describing duties
and characteristics in common with and different from other positions or jobs. When
pay is closely associated with levels of difficulty these descriptions will help foster a
feeling of organisational fairness related to pay issues. Other important uses of job
analysis are given below:
l Indicate training needs
l Put together work groups or teams
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Approaches to
Analysing Job
l Provide information to conduct salary surveys
l Provide a basis for determining a selection plan
l Provide a basis for putting together recruitment
l Describe the physical needs of various positions to determine the validity of
discrimination complaints
l As part of an organisational analysis
l As part of strategic planning
l As a part of any human relations needs assessment
l As a basis for coordinating safety concerns
Job analysis is indeed an essential part of any modern human resource management
system. The kind of information gathered through job analysis varies considerably
depending upon the specific uses to be made of it. Accordingly, job analysis
programmes are usually tailor-made for the specific purpose.
Activity A
“Smaller organisations do not need job analysis for their jobs because most of their
employees conduct a myriad of activities, too far-reaching for a standard job
analysis”. Give your view point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Activity B
Discuss the sources of errors in your own organisation or any organisation you are
familiar with, that can distort or render job analysis information inaccurate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6.7 JOB DESCRIPTION
Data collected for job analysis provides the basis for preparing job description. It
refers to the job contents and the expectations that an organisation has from its
employees. Job descriptions usually outline the minimum requirements of jobs for
many reasons:
1. First, despite all the attempts, a perfect and fully inclusive job description is not
possible. In fact, as one moves up in the hierarchy of an organisation, a detailed
job description becomes very difficult.
2. Secondly, most organisations would prefer not to describe the job fully, if it is
possible, because employees would then stick to what has been described and
would not do anything beyond it.
3. Thirdly, if a job were fully described, supervision would automatically be taken
care of by the duties performed, making some of the duties of the supervisory
staff redundant.
4. Fourthly, technology is changing fast and hence the nature of job is also changing.
Unless an organisation continuously updates the job description, it would
be difficult to monitor the performance of the employees.
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Job Analysis 6.8 DESIGN OF JOB DESCRIPTION
A primary output or result of job analysis is job description. Information obtained by
job analysis is shifted and recorded concisely, clearly and fully in the job description.
The job description must assemble all the important elements of a job, such as
essential tasks, responsibilities, qualifications required and the functional relation of
the job to other jobs.
There is no universally accepted standard format for job descriptions for the reason
that the form and structure of the job descriptions must depend on the kind of work
being analysed and the job evaluation plan being used. For example, if the job
evaluation form comprises factors such as physical and intellectual effort,
knowledge, skills, responsibilities and working conditions, it follows that job
description should be structured to reflect these factors so as to facilitate factor by
factor comparison and evaluation of the jobs. With non- analytical methods, job
description may be more flexible and simpler but most specify the title of the job and
its position in the organisation, summarises the tasks performed and list the skills and
abilities required.
It is helpful to follow the following guidelines when writing a job description:
1. Always be accurate about what is expressed.
2. Omit expressions which are attributes— such as uninteresting, distasteful, etc.
3. Personal pronouns should be avoided— if it is necessary to refer to the worker,
the word “ operator” may be used.
4. Do not describe only one phase of the job and give the impression that all
phases are covered.
5. Generalized or ambiguous expressions, such as ‘prepare’, ‘assist’, ‘handle’ etc.
should be omitted unless supported by data that will clarify them.
6. All statements should be clearly defined and simply set down- promiscuous use
of adjectives only reflects one’s own opinion.
7. Describe the job as is being done, by the majority of workers holding the
designation.
8. Write in simple language— explain unusual technical terms.
9. Description of a job, which is part of teamwork, should establish the team
relationship.
10. The length of description is immaterial; it is not expected even with printed
forms that all job descriptions should be of equal length but write concisely.
11. When the job analyst finds that the data he has to work with is insufficient, s/he
should stop until sufficient data is available.
12. Put the date of completion of each description and revise it as often as changes
in jobs and occupation require.
13. Job description should have the concurrence of the concerned supervisor.
14. Description should contain the initials of the persons who compile them.
6.9 USES OF JOB DESCRIPTION
Apart from being a basis for job evaluation, the job descriptions can be put to many
uses. They are as under:
1. Supervisor- Employee Communication: The information contained in the job
description outlines the work, which the incumbent is expected to perform.
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Approaches to
Analysing Job
Hence, it is an extremely useful document for both the supervisor and the
subordinate for purposes of communication. Furthermore, it helps employees to
understand just what work their associates are expected to perform, thus,
facilitating integration of efforts at the work site by the employees themselves.
2. Recruitment, Selection, Promotion, Transfer: Information pertaining to the
knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform the work to an acceptable
standard, can be used as a sound basis on which to base standards are
procedures for recruitment, selection, promotion and transfer.
3. Work Performance Appraisal: To be sound and objective, a performance
appraisal system must be rooted in the work performed by the employee; such
work is indicated by the duties in the job description. In such an approach, using
each duty as the basis for discussion, the employee and the supervisor agree on
work performance goals for the period to be covered by the subsequent
evaluation report; they also agree on the criteria to be used to determine the
extent to which the goals have been attained. The reports resulting from this
methodology minimize subjectivity by focusing attention on the job, as distinct
from the personality traits, habits or practices of the employee. As a consequence,
the results are more factual; valid and defensible than is the case in
other types of systems.
4. Manpower Planning, Training and Development: These three processes are
closely interrelated. The job description showing, in specific terms, the
knowledge, skill and ability requirements for effective performance of the
duties, is a sound and rational basis for each of these processes. Analysis of
various types of jobs at progressively more senior levels will indicate logical
sources of supply for more senior posts, as part of manpower planning. It will
also indicate the gap to be bridged in terms of knowledge, skill and ability, thus
providing a sound basis for preparing job- related training and development
programmes.
5. Industrial Relations: Frequently, issues arise in the industrial relations field,
which have their origin in the work to be undertaken. In these instances the job
description may be used to form a factual basis for discussion and problem
resolution.
6. Organization and Procedure Analysis-The duties and responsibilities outlined in
the job description may be used to a great advantage by management in
analysing organisation and procedures, because they reveal how the work is
organised, how the procedure operate and how authority and responsibility are
appointed.
A Job Description should include a:
1. Job Title: It represents a summary statement of what the job entails.
2. Job Objective or Overall Purpose Statement: This statement is generally a
summary designed to orient the reader to the general nature, level, purpose and
objective of the job. The summary should describe the broad function and scope
of the position and be no longer than three to four sentences.
3. List of Duties or Tasks Performed: The list contains an item-by-item list of
principal duties, continuing responsibilities and accountability of the occupant
of the position. The list should contain each and every essential job duty or
responsibility that is critical to the successful performance of the job. The list
should begin with the most important functional and relational responsibilities
and continue down in order of significance. Each duty or responsibility that
comprises at least five percent of the incumbent’s time should be included in the
list.
4. Description of the Relationships and Roles: the occupant of the position holds
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within the company, including any supervisory positions, subordinating roles Job Analysis
and/or other working relationships.
6.10 JOB SPECIFICATION
Workload analysis helps in identifying the minimum qualification needed to perform
a particular job. These may include academic qualifications, professional
qualifications, age, years of experience, relevance and nature of previous experience,
and other skills and attitudes. They form the minimum eligibility requirements, which
the candidate must have, for the appointment to a job. A clear indication of
specifications helps in generating eligible applications, because of self-selection. The
candidates who do not possess those qualifications do not apply. On the other hand,
lack of clear- cut specifications may generate a large number of applications, leading
to high costs, in terms of man-hours, in processing them.
There is a great deal of disagreement with regard to developing complete and correct
job specification unlike the job description, which provides more objective
assessment of job requirements. The decision to specify minimum human
requirements for a job is a difficult one as it involves considerable degree of
subjectivity. There is a general feeling that organisations generally tend to establish
relatively high requirements for formal education and training, resulting in a situation
where highly qualified people end up doing jobs of routine nature. Particularly, in
India, highly qualified personnel are recruited for jobs where their abilities, skills and
knowledge are under- utilized.
Despite these problems, however, minimally acceptable human requirements need to
be specified for various jobs and category of jobs. The format for job specification
should include the following items:
l Position Title
l Education/ Training
l Experience
l Knowledge
l Abilities
l Skills
l Aptitude
l Desirable Attributes
l Contra-indicators, if any.
From job analysis to jobless world
Job enrichment means redfining in a way that increases the opportunities for workers
to experience building of responsibility, achievement, growth and recognition by
doing job well.
l Analysing together the job
l Establishing client recognition
l Vertical loading
l Job-Sharing
l Flexible job doing pattern etc.
l Open feedback channels.
Whether specialised, enlarged or enriched, workers skill generally like to have
16
Approaches to
Analysing Job
specific job to do and the job require job descriptions. But in the emerging
organisation today jobs are becoming more amorphous and more difficult to define.
In other words the trend is towards “do-jobbing in many modern organisation.
6.11 SUMMARY
Job Analysis is the process of job-related data. The data collected will be useful for
preparing job description and job specification. Job description lists job title, duties,
machines and equipment involved, working conditions surrounding a job and the
like. Job specification lists the human qualifications and qualities necessary to do the
job.
Job analysis is useful for HRP, recruitment and selection, training and development,
job evaluation, remuneration, performance appraisal, personnel information and
safety and health programmes. It also aides analysis of the organisation structures and
the work systems/procedures and contribute towards improving the productivity of
the organisation.
A logical sequence to job analysis is job design which is nothing but organisation of
tasks, duties and responsibilities into a unit of work.
6.12 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by job analysis? Explain the process of job analysis.
2. Explain various methods of collecting information for job analysis.
3. Define job description. Explain the uses of job description.
6.13 FURTHER READINGS
Aswathappa, A. (2002) Human Resource and Personnel Management: New Delhi:
Tata McGraw.
Beddoe Robin Forbes (1988). How to prepare a job evaluation: Job Description,
Working Time Analysts.
Burns, M (1978). Understanding Job Evaluation, Institute of Personnel Management,
London, IPM.
ILO (1986), Job Evaluation, ILO, Geneva.
Morris, J. Walker (1973). Principles and Practice of Job Evaluation, London,
Heinemann Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford.
Peterson T.T(1972). Job Evaluation: A manual for Peterson Method. Vol 2, London,
Business Books.
Saiyadain, M.S(2003) Human Resource Management (3rd ed), New Delhi: Tata
McGraw
US Civil Service Commission (1976): Job An
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